As a viewer, you see the view and the moment the photographer has chosen.

By using a wide-angle lens, you can photograph closer to your subject. This creates dynamic images. As a viewer, you feel like you're part of the scene. The size differences you perceive between visual elements near and far are equivalent to how you normally perceive them.

When using a telephoto lens, the visual elements appear to come closer together. The church on the horizon comes closer. Look at the example below.
The first photo was taken with a zoom lens in wide-angle position where I was standing right in front of the subject while photographing. I then stepped back and zoomed in to get approximately the same image. Then another step back and more zooming. Note the building in the background.

Perspective

Perspective is determined by your position in space and the choice of your lens. If you're close and using a wide-angle lens, as a viewer you'll feel like you're part of the image. Especially if you photograph from a lower position. If you photograph from above, you more have the feeling of being an observer.
Through your position in space, you give the visual elements a place in relation to other visual elements. Consider what you want to show. What is your subject? What do you include in your composition and what do you leave out?

Do you include the overflowing trash can in your image, or do you take a step forward or zoom in a bit? Is the background really nice for this portrait, or should I walk around my subject to get a calmer background? By including the garden hose in your image, you see where the water comes from, while the dog remains the subject. Is there a streetlight growing out of your subject's head? Do you include the guitar in your image because it tells something about your subject?

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